Percy Fawcett
UnsolvedSummary
In 1925 the British surveyor Percy Fawcett, his son Jack and Raleigh Rimell went into the forests of Mato Grosso, Brazil, looking for the remains of an ancient civilisation. Their last dispatch is dated 30 May 1925, and what became of them has never been established.
Over the following decades came Indigenous accounts that the three had been killed, a trapper's report that Fawcett was alive and held captive, and, in 1951, a skeleton announced as his. Examiners at the Royal Anthropological Institute in London concluded that it was not.
What is documented
The man and the aim. Percy Harrison Fawcett was a former British Army officer, known as Colonel Fawcett, and a surveyor who had worked on the Bolivia-Brazil boundary before the First World War. In 1925, in a dispatch for the North American Newspaper Alliance, he described his expedition as bound for the interior of Brazil "to seek the ruins and vestiges of the oldest civilizations in history". It was his belief, he wrote, that "the earliest civilization in the world rose and fell in these central plateaus of Brazil".
The party. There were three of them: "myself, my son and Mr. Raleigh Rimell", Fawcett wrote from the Bakairi post on 20 May 1925, after a month's travel from Cuiabá. The son was Jack, his elder son; Rimell was Jack's friend. The Washington Evening Star printed Fawcett's dispatches in December 1925, months after they were written.
The route he kept to himself. In a letter of 14 March 1925, later quoted by the explorer George M. Dyott, Fawcett said he was giving no closer information about the locality because he did not want "to encourage any tragedy for an expedition inspired to follow our footsteps". According to Dyott, he had told the Royal Geographical Society that from the Bakairi post he would strike north to the Paranatinga River and then turn east towards the Xingu.
The last dispatch. According to Dyott, the party left the Bakairi post on 21 May 1925. The last dispatch is dated 30 May and headed "Camp Fawcett", with a position of about 13° 45' S, 54° 37' W. In it Fawcett wrote that the two guides were turning back ("Our two guides go back from here"), that Rimell had a lame foot, and that he would keep writing in the hope of sending dispatches out through friendly Indians, though he doubted it would be possible. Nothing more was received. Dyott later described this as letters sent back from "a place he called Dead Horse Camp", the last authentic news, and added that "no one knew where Dead Horse Camp was".
Dyott, 1928. In 1928 Dyott led an expedition to follow the trail. He found that it turned north-east, away from the route Fawcett had announced. A Bakairi man who had gone with Fawcett guided Dyott's party to the Kuluseu, a stream the Fawcett party had descended in two canoes. Peter Fleming's summary of Dyott's findings, published in 1933, is that the three reached the Kuluene River, where both young men were lame and exhausted, and that Fawcett took them into the country east of the river; smoke from their fires was seen for five days, and on the sixth there was none. Dyott gave his own conclusion in the last article of his series, in February 1929: "That Col. Fawcett and his companions perished at the hands of hostile tribesmen seems to me and to all my party beyond dispute."
Rattin, 1932. In March 1932 a Swiss trapper, Stephan Rattin, reported that he had met a white man held by Indians who said he was Fawcett. In Fleming's account the man was "a tall man, advanced in years, with blue eyes and a long beard", and asked Rattin to tell a friend in São Paulo called Paget. The British consul general in São Paulo, Arthur Abbott, considered it the most definite clue to Fawcett's fate since his disappearance, United Press reported. In April 1932 Rattin led a search party inland. No sighting was confirmed. That year Fleming joined another party, raised by an advertisement in the agony column of The Times for an expedition "to explore rivers Central Brazil, if possible ascertain fate Colonel Fawcett". Its members chose to rely on Dyott's evidence rather than Rattin's, and Fleming called the mystery "only our secondary object".
The skeleton, 1951. On 3 April 1951 the Associated Press reported from Rio de Janeiro that Brazil's national news agency had announced the finding of Fawcett's skeleton by an official expedition led by Orlando Villas Bôas, buried between the Kuluene and Tanguro rivers. In September 1951 Assis Chateaubriand arrived in London from Brazil with the remains and proposed that the Royal Anthropological Institute examine them. They were examined by A. J. E. Cave, M. L. Tildesley and J. C. Trevor. Fawcett's other son, Brian, sent photographs of his father at the examiners' request, and the Institute later returned the photographs and a denture to him. The examiners reported, in Cave's report of 24 October 1951, that the remains were not Fawcett's; the Institute's catalogue says they reported it conclusively. On 1 November the Institute sent Brian a summary before releasing it to the press, and he replied the next day approving the report.
The Kalapalo account. The historian John Hemming wrote in 2017 that the Kalapalo chief Comatsi later gave a detailed account of Fawcett's visit, recounting to his people how they had killed the strangers. Hemming also noted that the expeditions of the previous four decades had brought presents such as machetes, knives and beads: "Fawcett had none."
Leading explanations
Killed by Indians east of the Kuluene or among the Kalapalo (Dyott's view and Hemming's; not established). Dyott held it beyond dispute in 1929, and Hemming accepts the Kalapalo account attributed to Comatsi. The versions differ on who killed the three men and where. The one body ever put forward as Fawcett's was not his.
Death from exhaustion, illness or hunger (a hypothesis; untested). According to Hemming, the German anthropologist Max Schmidt, who was in the region in 1926, thought the three went into the forest, got lost and starved. Fawcett's last dispatch already records one of the three as lame, and the account Dyott gathered describes both young men as lame and exhausted at the Kuluene.
Survival as a captive (reported in 1932; never confirmed). Rattin's report rested on his own word, and the search that followed it confirmed nothing.
What the popular version gets wrong
"Fawcett's skeleton was found in 1951." It was announced as found, and the Associated Press headline said so. The Royal Anthropological Institute's examiners, who had photographs of Fawcett and a denture from his son, reported that the remains were not his. His son approved the report.
"He vanished without trace." He vanished without a documented end. In 1928 his trail was followed, with the help of a Bakairi man who had gone with him, to the Kuluseu and the Kuluene, and the accounts Dyott gathered carry the party a few days beyond the Kuluene. The record stops there, not at the last dispatch.
"Archaeologists have since found the lost city he was looking for." In 2008 Michael Heckenberger and colleagues described in Science a network of 28 towns, villages and hamlets at the headwaters of the Xingu, which Heckenberger calls "garden cities", occupied from about 1,500 to about 400 years ago. It is a major finding about the Amazon's past. It is not what Fawcett said he was seeking, the remains of the earliest civilisation in the world, and it says nothing about what happened to him.
Current status
Unsolved. Percy Fawcett, Jack Fawcett and Raleigh Rimell were last heard from on 30 May 1925. Their route can be followed for some days beyond that; their end cannot. The accounts that they were killed disagree on who killed them and where, and the only skeleton produced as Fawcett's was examined in 1951 and rejected. Remains that could be identified would change this record. Another account, on its own, would not.
Sources
- Fawcett, P. H. (1925). Dispatches for the North American Newspaper Alliance, dated Fort Bakairi, 20 May 1925 ("Trio Pierces Brazilian Jungle Seeking Trace of First Man") and Camp Fawcett, 30 May 1925 ("Millions of Vicious Insects Attack Explorers in Jungle"). Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), 1 and 3 December 1925. Read in the Library of Congress's Chronicling America scans.
- Dyott, G. M. (1929). Series on the search for Colonel Fawcett. Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), 29 January to 13 February 1929, including "Trail of Fawcett Purposely Hidden" (29 January) and the final instalment (13 February).
- United Press (1932). Reports on Stephan Rattin's claim. Washington Daily News, 16 and 18 March 1932; Indianapolis Times, 7 April 1932.
- Fleming, P. (1933). Brazilian Adventure. London: Jonathan Cape.
- Associated Press (1951). "Skeleton of Col. Fawcett, Lost In '25, Found in Central Brazil." Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), 3 April 1951.
- Royal Anthropological Institute. Fawcett Papers (A69), 1951 to 1961. Archive catalogue, including A. J. E. Cave's "Report on human remains alleged to be those of the late Colonel Fawcett", 24 October 1951, and the correspondence with Brian Fawcett. The catalogue was consulted; the report itself was not.
- Hemming, J. (2017). "The Lost City of Z is a very long way from a true story, and I should know." The Spectator.
- Heckenberger, M. J., Russell, J. C., Fausto, C., Toney, J. R., Schmidt, M. J., Pereira, E., Franchetto, B., and Kuikuro, A. (2008). "Pre-Columbian Urbanism, Anthropogenic Landscapes, and the Future of the Amazon." Science 321(5893), 1214 to 1217. Known to the registry through Biello (2008); the paper itself was not consulted.
- Biello, D. (2008). "Ancient Amazon Actually Highly Urbanized." Scientific American, 28 August 2008.
- Fawcett, P. H. (1910). "Survey Work on the Bolivia-Brazil Boundary." The Geographical Journal 35(2), 163. Publication details checked; the text was not consulted.
Last reviewed: September 2026. Records are provisional. Where the evidence changes, the entry changes. Found an error? Tell us.